European Monographs Series The European Union (EU) has chosen to react to violence and aggression in states outside the block through the imposition of restrictive measures, both autonomous and mandated by the Security Council of the United Nations. In recent years, it has furthermore chosen to react to malicious activities that do not necessarily unfold within the territory of a specific state. To date, the EU has done so in thirty-seven instances, following more than eighty EU legal instruments. This book is the first to thoroughly investigate the origins, nature, and implications of the whole range of sanctions regimes set by the EU. Breaching international peace and security, violent repression and political stalemate, serious violation of human rights, terrorism, malicious cyber activities and proliferation and use of chemical weapons have urged the EU to adopt restrictive measures. Such measures affect: funds and financial services, as well as banking; energy; gold, precious metals, diamonds and luxury goods; cultural property; tourism and travel; broadcasting; arms, weapons and missiles; dual-use items, as set both by the EU and by international actors, such as the Australia Group, the Missile Technology Control Regime, the Nuclear Suppliers Group and the Wassenaar Arrangement; mining and quarrying; and logistics.
