AI systems have the capacity to act in a way that can generally be considered as criminal by society. Yet, it can be argued that they lack (criminal) agency and the feeling of it. In the future, however, humans might develop expectations of norm-conforming behavior from machines. Criminal law might not be the right answer for AI-related harm, even though holding AI systems directly liable could be useful to a certain extent. This book explores the issue of criminal responsibility of AI systems by focusing on whether such legal framework would be needed and feasible. It aims to understand how to deal with the (apparent) conflict between AI and the most classical notions of criminal law. The occurrence of AI is not the first time that criminal law theory has had to deal with new scientific developments. Nevertheless, the debate on criminal liability of AI systems is somewhat different: it is deeply introspective. In other words, discussing the liability of new artificial agents brings about pioneering perspectives on the liability of human agents. As such, this book poses questions that find their answers in ones own beliefs on what is human and what is not, and, ultimately, on what is right and what is wrong.
